Why do some restaurants succeed while most struggle ?

Posted on October 14, 2019 by admin

There are many factors that lead to the success of a restaurant. You have heard the saying; location, location, location, but if the food is inconsistent and service subpar it will be hard to have long term success even in the best location. You must have a combination of a good physical location that matches the food you are serving, an inviting and clean interior, consistent food quality, great customer service, a good marketing strategy that matches your brand and the funding to start and operate your new venture.

Often very hard working, ambitious people fail because they only focus on one or two aspects of what will create success. One of the very first and most important tasks you need to tackle is your menu. You may fine tune it as the process moves forward but you should have a good idea of what you type of foods you will be serving and the price point for each. You must write a mission statement describing what your brand is about. This should be two or three sentences. If a friend asked what type of restaurant you are opening, this is what you would say. Here is an example;

XYZ is a sit-down casual dining eatery that specializes in high quality made in house charcuterie, cheese and wine locally acquired and imported from around the world and artesian breads made in house fresh daily. Sandwiches, soups and boards served in an artesian style of table service. There is a small market area where customers can buy the offerings to take home.

I have a clear vision of what this facility will look like and what type of area it should be located. It would be perfectly located in a walking area of a town, possibly where tourists frequent or near a theatrical venue. At this time, we also should think about the equipment we would need to produce the menu items. This is critical before signing a lease. You must have the space to fit the equipment necessary and provide a kitchen that can prevent cross contamination. One last thing before signing lease, make sure you have sufficient funding to build out the facility and operating capital to get started.

When the location is secure, you will need to contact an architect and plan out the facility layout. You will need to submit drawings, the menu and in Maryland a HACCP plan to the local planning department. There is much involved here and beyond the scope of this article, but we can help you wade through all the requirements.

When the plans are approved and construction is underway, you will have a lot of decisions to make. From selecting finishes that match your branding, hiring upper management, securing contracts with food suppliers, pest management, refuse management, POS and credit processing, janitorial supplies, and the list goes on.

Before the facility opens the doors there is much to do. Training the staff is critical. Not only should there be a certified manager on duty, you must train each and every team member. Training should be job specific and ongoing. When the facility is open, the person in charge (PIC) must be active and making sure that everyone is following procedures.

Finally, social media is an important aspect of any food service business. Prospective customers will check customer review services like Yelp, Facebook and Google. Any complaints must be addressed in a professional way. Advertising should match your brand and be varied. Some common mistakes are posting “stock” photos of food, incorrect information, getting into online arguments with customers and not addressing customer questions online. The person handling your marketing can be a qualified in-house person or by hiring a marketing consultant. The key is to be consistent with the brand established.

If you are thinking of starting a food facility, congratulations, it will be one of the most exciting times in your life. We are here to offer our professional advice and walk through the process with you. We have experience from conception through continuing operations. We work with contractors and planning, menu planning, writing your HACCP plan, creating your food safety plan and training. Do not hesitate to contact us at 410-687-1015.

About us; Sue Farace, CP-FS has been in food service since 1997, before that she worked in the construction industry for 13 years. She has owned several restaurants. She provides training, HACCP plans and consulting and inspection services for over 10 years in Baltimore Metro Area.

Disclaimer: The information provided is intended to provide basic information that can increase your chance of being successful and does not guarantee success. Opening a restaurant is a risky venture.

Employee Illness in retail food facilities

Posted on October 7, 2019 by admin

Why is it important to have a written policy and effective training for employee illness?

The cost of an outbreak is reported to be between $6,330 and $2.6 million dollars depending on type of retail facility and the severity of the illness. ³An outbreak is classified as 2 or more people. However, most illnesses related to foodborne illness go unreported and facilities are never implicated. The thought of “We will most likely not be caught” should not be your policy on preventing foodborne illness.

64% of outbreaks are from retail restaurants, 48% of those are from sit-down type facilities.¹ 58% of outbreaks ²are from at least one employee being ill. Only 47% of facilities implicated in outbreaks had a written policy on employee illness.

A study⁴ conducted that interviewed 491 workers from 391 randomly selected restaurants revealed some very important information about employee and management behaviors as it relates to employee illness. 59% of the employees surveyed reported working a shift while ill. Out of those 59%, 63% of managers were aware of the illness! 81% of the time it was the employee that notified the manager, yet the employee was still allowed to work. The reasons for continuing to work was;

43% No paid sick leave or sick leave policy
32% Understaffed or no one to cover shift
30% Symptoms did not feel bad or not contagious and
30% Felt obligated or strong work ethic.

Some indicated more than one reason. This indicates that employees, not managers, were making decisions about when to work. To make matter worse, of the ill employees that continued to work less than one third washed hands more frequently.

An FDA study published in 2004 found food establishments were frequently out of compliance with the Food Code requirements for proper and adequate handwashing. In the study, the percent of food establishments observed to be out of compliance with handwashing requirements ranged from 34% in hospitals and a whopping 73% in full-service establishments.

In my experience providing third party inspections, when I observed improper handwashing and explained the proper process, many had little to no understanding of how and when they should wash hands or they stated they didn’t have time.

This creates a perfect storm for transferring pathogens from hands of an ill employee to the surface of food.

What illnesses and medical conditions should management and employees be aware of?

There are certain illnesses, exposure to certain illnesses, or even infections that employees must report to management or the Person in Charge (PIC). The PIC must know what the next action should be. This could be restricting the employee from working around exposed food, excluding the employee from facility and possibly reporting the diagnosis, illness or exposure to the authorities. There are certain pathogens that employees must be made aware of. These are called the Big 6. They are;

Norovirus,
Hepatitis A virus,
Shigella spp.,
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli,
Typhoid fever (caused by Salmonella Typhi) or
Salmonella (nontyphoidal).

Employees also should be made aware that they need to report excessive sneezing, coughing, general nasal discharge, skin cuts, lesions or infections and a sore throat with a fever. Vomiting and or Diarrhea, regardless of frequency. Jaundice that is less than 7 days old must be reported as well. Management and Employees should also understand the risks associated with Staphylococcus Aureus.

The person in charge should be most concerned with the following symptoms of foodborne illness;

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Jaundice (yellow skin or eyes)
Sore throat with fever
Infected cuts and burns with pus on hands and wrists

How are pathogens transferred to food and surfaces?

Transmission can happen in a variety of ways. Hand to food contact, Hand to surface to food, surface to hand to food. Water and oils in fecal matter can assist in the transfer of pathogens found in the feces.

How can the PIC prevent the spread of illness causing pathogens from ill employees?

Provide employee illness training to all staff members.
Be observant and inquire if employees appear to be ill.
Management must be informed of the specific circumstances that must be reported and when employees should be restricted from working around exposed food and when they should be excluded from facility.Details are available in the FDA food code subpart 2-201.11-13.
PIC must provide on-going and job specific training to all staff. Training should include;How easily pathogens like Norovirus can be transmitted, proper handwashing, proper glove use, and a reminder of all illnesses that must be reported.
Food handlers should be trained to not use bare hands to touch Ready to Eat (RTE) foods.
Provide a culture where reporting illness and missing shifts does not threaten employee hours or job security.
Create a culture of good hand care and reward staff for good practices.
Provide adequate supplies for proper hand care and tools for touching RTE foods.

Employee responsibilities and preventions

Reporting illnesses as required
Always, wash hands when required and using proper methods.
Report workers that are not reporting illness to PIC or are not properly washing hands.

It is important that the PIC be knowledgeable about employee illness, reporting, exclusion, and restricting of employees. This is discussed briefly in the Food Manager Protection training (ServSafe). Trained staff members must make sure the all staff are trained in employee illness as well. If you would like assistance creating an employee illness training for your staff, please contact us. We can provide decision trees, employee agreement forms and other training tools.

https://www.cdc.gov/fdoss/pdf/2017_FoodBorneOutbreaks_508.pdf
NORS and NEARS system, CDC
https://www.qsrmagazine.com/outside-insights/tremendous-cost-foodborne-illnesses-and-what-do-about-it
Carpenter, L. R., A. L. Green, D. M. Norton, R. Frick, M. TobinD’Angelo, D. W. Reimann, H. Blade, D.C. Nicholas, J. S. Egan, K. Everstine, L. G. Brown and B. Le. 2013 Food worker experience with and beliefs about working while ill. J. Food Prot. 76:2146-2154.

Monitoring Food Temperatures

Posted on August 23, 2019 by admin

Monitoring refrigeration units.

Have you ever had a unit break down in the middle of the day? How about a unit that just can’t seem to maintain food temperatures below 41°F?

Both present potential risks to food safety. Proper monitoring of your units can avoid the costly choice of throwing food away that has become unsafe.

What is required by Code of Maryland Regulations (COMAR)? Section 10.15.03.06 pertains to storage, service and transport of foods in retail establishments in Maryland. Today we will focus on monitoring cold food storage only.

The internal temperature of the food must be maintained to avoid pathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms that could cause spoilage. Most food must be held at 41°F or below except; shell eggs can be stored at 45°F or less, certain reduced oxygen packaged foods like crab meat should be stored at 38°F or less.

The temperature measuring device has 2°F markings, accurate within +- 2°F, calibrated at least annually, is easily readable, and located in the warmest area of unit where food is stored.

Anytime Temperature Control for Safety (TCS) foods or as COMAR calls them, Potentially Hazardous Food (PHF) goes above the required temperature for more than 4 hours the product must be discarded.

This is a summary of the regulations, for complete information read the regulation.

How often are you required to monitor foods?

Surprisingly, there is no regulation that states how often you must monitor foods. You do need to make sure temperatures are maintained. So that would infer that you should monitor every 4 hours so you can take the corrective action of throwing the food away.

How often do I recommend you monitor food temperatures?

I recommend that you monitor and record your refrigeration and cooler temperatures every 2 hours. This will provide you with a verifiable temperature that can be used in case the unit experiences a problem. The following are two similar examples with different outcomes

Example 1: You monitored the temperature at 12 PM and at 4 PM you discovered the product temperature to be at 57°F. The only corrective action you can take is to discard the food.

Example 2: You monitored and recorded the temperature at 12 PM and then again at 2 PM. At that time you discover the food temperature to be at 52°F. You could move the food to another unit, perhaps a freezer and quick chill the product. Check the temperature again at 4 PM to verify it is at 41°F or below. If it is, you just saved your inventory! The reason is because you had a verifiable temperature at 12 PM and could verify the food was not out of temperature for more than 4 hours.

Important to remember in example 2 is that the temperature was verifiable. Had it not been recorded you would have needed to discard the food. The code specifically states that food must be discarded if “The food has exceeded 41°F or more for more than 4 hours; or the time the food has been out of temperature is not verifiable”

How should you monitor temperatures?

You could take the internal temperature of each food in your unit but that would be time consuming and possibly increase the risk of cross contamination. Monitoring is typically accomplished by having a thermometer in the warmest part of the unit. I do not recommend using the digital readout on the outside of the unit. If you notice the lead is typically in one of the coldest parts of the unit, not the warmest. Try this experiment. During peak times check what the reader says and then check the internal thermometer and the internal temperature of the food. Most of the times there will be a difference in these temperatures. In my experience sometimes 7°F or more.

Remember the thermometer used for monitoring needs to be accurate +-2°F and have markings every 2°. COMAR requires it be calibrated at least annually however, if it is dropped or undergoes any kind of abuse it should be checked for accuracy. One simple way to check the stand-up or hanging type is place several in the same unit and make sure they are all the same. Confirm temperature by checking the internal temperature of food that has been in the unit. It should be with in a degree or two.

If you have any questions about monitoring your temperatures and corrective actions please contact us, we are here to help.

PFA’s in compostable carry out containers

Posted on August 7, 2019 by admin

The internet is blowing up about Chipotle and their bowls. Guess they are an easy target since they have had some mis-steps in the last few years. However, I feel like they deserve a little pass on this one.

Let me explain. I did a little research and read the article by Joe Fassler. He is The New Food Economy’s features editor. He was the one that initiated Notre Dame Chemist Graham Peaslee to test the containers of 14 different locations from 8 different restaurants in NY city. What they found was that in all of the different samples there was high levels of Florine. The presence of Florine indicates the bowls were treated with PFA’s. PFA’s can be linked to a long list of health problems including cancer.

The article that Mr Fassler wrote is long and in excellent detail, so I am not going to rehash his article in my words. You can read it here: https://newfoodeconomy.org/pfas-forever-chemicals-sweetgreen-chipotle-compostable-biodegradable-bowls/

However, here are a few takeaways I learned;

Of the 8 different locations Chipotle was the second highest offender of levels of Florine. Dig had the highest levels. Sweet Green was the lowest. Odd that Chipotle and Sweet Green were called out specifically.
Although more testing and information about the bowls would need to be obtained, based on the Florine levels the bowls are most likely within FDA guidelines for PFA’s.
PFA’s can be transferred from one surface to another.
PFA’s allow the plant-based bowls to be used with greasy, wet and hot foods.
PFA’s are not biodegradable and will live on forever.
All the bowls were certified as “compostable” by certifying company BPI.
BPI is changing standards and of Jan 1, 2020. Any bowls treated with PFA’s will no longer pass certification as compostable.
When bowls are composted the compost can then be affected. Transferring the PFA’s to food supply during planting and growing.
When bowls are thrown in the landfill the PFA’s can leach into water and even after water treatment the PFA’s could be found in our drinking water.
PFA’s can be found in many other non-food sources especially fire-resistant carpeting.

My biggest concern is not with the restaurants using theses bowls but with the manufacturers that make them. They knew they were adding PFA’s, they new that they are not biodegradable. How was it that they were certified compostable and marketed as such? There is no other alternative to the clam shells or Styrofoam on the market at this time. What is a carry out to do when the public and now some cities demand not using Styrofoam ?

Monitoring cold and hot holding temperatures

Posted on July 24, 2019 by admin

How often do you check your cold hold and hot hold temperatures?

In food service we must be careful to maintain proper temperatures on temperature control for safety foods (TCS), sometimes referred to potentially hazardous foods (PHF’s). Temperature control will control the growth of pathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms that could cause spoilage.

Regulation

Remember, most cold TCS food must be maintained at a temperature of 41°F or below. Some reduced oxygen packaged food and pasteurized crab meat must be held at 38°F or below. Hot foods must be maintained at a temperature of 135°F or above for no more that 4 hours.

Monitoring

Monitoring of these temperatures is critical. How often you monitor depends on what you would want possible corrective actions to be. If you choose to monitor every 4 hours and you discover the temperature of cold food to be above 41°F or hot food being held below 135° F, the only corrective action will be to discard. However, if you monitor every 2 hours you may have sufficient time to take a corrective action that will save your food.

Corrective Action

For cold food you can remove from unit that is not maintaining temperature, quick chill in a different unit or freezer and get temperature down to 41°F or below. Hot food that is below 135°F can be quickly reheated to 165°F or above and your 4 hours starts over.

There is a BUT! This only works if the original temperature reading is verifiable. That means it must have been recorded on the product package or in a log book. The saying goes, “if you didn’t document, you didn’t do it”.

Here is an example: You placed some chicken soup on hot hold at 12 PM. You record temperature and place a sticker on the holding pot. The temperature was recorded at 155°F. At 3 PM a customer complains the soup is cold, you check the temperature and discover the soup is at 100°F. You quickly place soup in a stock pot and reheat. You just saved the soup. But had the temperature not been recorded at 12 PM you could not have taken this corrective action and would have had to discard the soup.

Another example: At 10 AM you check the temperature of you walk in by looking at the thermometer hanging in the warmest part of the unit. It is 38°F, perfect. Around 1:30 PM an employee mentions that the unit feels a little warm. You check and the temperature is 57 °F! Oh no! But since you didn’t write the temperature down it is not verifiable and the TCS food in the walk-in should be discarded.

Same example but this time you recorded the temperature, you check the unit at 12 PM and discovered the unit was 48°F. You immediately call for service, remove TCS food, place in other units for a quick chill, check the temperature of the food at 4PM and it is all 41°F or below and you just saved a lot of money by taking the time to check your cold units every two hours and recording the temperature.

Can your beverage make you sick?

Posted on June 17, 2019 by admin

Have you ever noticed your bartender doing some unsafe practices when making your drink and thought, “It’s cool the alcohol will kill it!”.

You may be onto something when it comes to bacteria. Certain amounts of alcohol can kill the bad stuff in our gut! But wait, there is something you should know.

Although wine and spirits have long been used for their alcohol properties to kill bacteria on surfaces you would need to consume a high enough percentage of well over the average mixed drink of 10% alcohol to prevent bacteria from causing foodborne illness in your gut. The most effective would be in the 80% range, which would be most spirits drank straight. The bad news is the damage you would do to your gastrointestinal system could cause vomiting, diarrhea, and organ damage. One study did find that drinking one glass a red wine a day can be good for your gut. The specific properties of wine seem to be just right to keep the bad bacteria at bay while not destroying the good bacteria and not doing damage to your organs.

Looks like using alcohol to kill bacteria isn’t such a good idea. The news is no better when looking at the effect of alcohol on Norovirus. Alcohol will not kill Norovirus. That is right. You heard it here. Alcohol will not kill Norovirus.

In 2017, there was a total of 841 reported cases of illness from drinking beverages in a restaurant. 623 cases were from Norovirus. Norovirus is a virus that only needs about 10-12 cells to make you sick. It grows in your gut, not on food.

Okay, I can hear you thinking, “841 cases that is it? I will roll the dice!”. The problem is that most illnesses do not get reported. Think about it, do you report to the health department every time you get vomiting and diarrhea? NO! The actual number of cases is much higher.

So how can a beverage become contaminated with Norovirus or bacteria? It can all go back to the bartender.

Bartenders handle money, touch surfaces other guest touch and, quite frankly, hardly ever wash their hands.

These surfaces can contain microscopic fecal matter from customers that do not wash hands after using the restroom. That fecal matter can then be transferred to your drink! YUCK!

Have you ever witnessed your bartender making any of these mistakes?

Picking up the glass from the rim and not side of cup, then you drink from the rim.
Placing things in the ice bin that are not ice, like opened beer, mixers, cups or hands.
Scooping the glass through the ice, this is a big risk of the glass or plastic cup chipping and causing physical harm.
Items falling in the ice bin. I once saw a customer toss a soiled napkin, missing the trash can it went into the ice bin, the bartender picked it out and went on their way to making a drink.
Handling garnishes like lemons, oranges, limes, melon and cucumbers with dirty hands. Tongs and muddler should be used!

Remember all this can spread those nasty feces and cause you to have vomiting and diarrhea. So maybe it wasn’t the food you at the establishment after all…

Easter Time Egg Questions

Posted on April 17, 2019 by admin

Easter is almost here! What a fun time coloring and decorating hard-boiled eggs with friends and family.

Easter Eggs

But have you ever wondered about how to safely handle your hard-boiled eggs? Below are some of the top questions I get asked during the ServSafe Manager Training.

How can eggs make you sick?

The pathogen of concern is Salmonella. Salmonella (nontyphoidal) is the number 2 pathogen that causes foodborne illness in the US and the number 1 that causes hospitalization and death. The CDC estimates over 1 million illnesses a year. 79,000 of those come from of Salmonella Enteritidis which comes directly from improperly handled eggs. People that are infected will usually become ill 12-72 hours after consuming the bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps and vomiting. People with weakened immune systems are at a greater risk.

How does Salmonella affect a regular shell egg?

The bacteria is carried in the fecal matter of the hen. It can be introduced to the egg shell when the hen is laying the egg. The bacteria can enter through the porous shell of the egg. The Salmonella Enteritidis can also be introduced to the egg before the shell is formed in the intestinal track of the hen.

Why are raw eggs in some countries not refrigerated?

The production process is different in the US from European countries, because of this the USDA requires producers to wash and sanitize the egg before selling. This creates an environment where air and bacteria can more easily pass through the shell. Therefore, temperature control is required.

Do hard-boiled eggs need to be refrigerated?

The CDC, USDA, Egg Board and FDA consumer guidelines all agree after an egg is hard-boiled the surface even more porous. The recommendation is that eggs be refrigerated at 40°F or below for no more than 7 days. The only source of information that is different is the FDA food code for retail food establishments. Raw shell eggs can be stored at 45°F or below. Water cooled eggs must be stored at 41°F or below and as stated in Annex 3 Public Health Reason / Administrative guidelines 3-501.14, air cooled eggs are no longer a TCS food.

“Hard-boiled eggs with shell intact may be cooled in ambient air and are not considered to be a time/temperature control for safety food after cooling. Hard-boiled eggs may be cooled in drinking water but are considered to be a time/temperature control for safety food after cooling because pathogens, which may be present in the water, may pass through the egg shell during cooling”

Should you eat eggs that have been used for hiding?

Yes and No. As long as the egg has not been left at room temperature for more than 2 hours and the egg is washed off before placing back in refrigeration you should be safe. However, it would be safer to use other items like plastic reusable eggs for hiding.

Additional Resources:

https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/RetailFoodProtection/FoodCode/UCM595140.pdf

https://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/eggstorage.html

https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/egg-products-preparation/shell-eggs-from-farm-to-table/

Retail: Is your food safety management system healthy?

Posted on January 11, 2019 by admin

Food safety management system

When a facility has a functioning Food Safety Management System (FSMS), team members perform better, and customers will receive a consistent message when visiting.

In Maryland a HACCP plan is required for every moderate and high priority facility when they start up. Often, they become forgotten until a health inspector asks to review it. A HACCP plan should not be looked at as “just another requirement”. A well written HACCP plan should be part of your overall food safety management system and should be part of your day to day operations. However, HACCP is only the beginning of your full Food Safety Management System.

What is a FSMS?

The short answer is; Team members understanding, consistently following and documenting the processes and procedures you have in place to minimize the risk of contamination of food.

Let’s take a more in-depth look at what your system would look like.

Commitment

The first step in creating your Food Safety Management System is to have a commitment to food safety. No matter what your brands message is your team needs to understand that without food safety you cannot provide a consistent message to your customers. This starts from the top down. When team members think the “bottom line” and sales is all you care about food safety will not be a priority. Unfortunately, the two go hand in hand.

SOP’s

Next establish your Standard Operating Procedures (SOP’s). This would include; your purchasing program that ensures your food is from a safe source, personal hygiene program, employee illness, cleaning and sanitizing program, how your facility avoids cross contamination, and establishing time and temperature controls to avoid bacterial growth. The person writing the SOP’s need to have a good understanding of food safety and the current practices and procedures of the facility. This is the core of preventing contamination to food.

Hazard Analysis

After your SOP’s are established you must look at every menu item and determine where a biological hazard could occur. These are called critical control points. In a Maryland retail food facility this would be steps in the process like cooking, cooling, reheating and hot holding. Again, the person doing the hazard analysis must have a good understanding of food safety risks. There are special considerations when the facility does certain practices like; using time as a public health control, cooks using sous vide, does any reduced oxygen packaging, uses additives or preservatives, cures food like bacon, displays seafood, squeezes juice or offers live shellfish in a display like a lobster tank.

Food Process Charts

Using data from the Hazard Analysis, create the food process charts. The Department of Health and Mental Hygiene offers four methods of creating charts. I prefer to use method #2. I feel that it is the easiest for food handlers to understand and follow along. For every CCP identified in the Hazard Analysis you must list the critical limit, how monitoring will take place, what corrective action you should take if there is a deviation in the critical limit and how will you verify the monitoring took place.

Training

Congratulations! You now have a HACCP plan. Now we need to make sure that team members are on the same page. That is where training come in. Training should be job specific and ongoing. Divide your facility into stations, for instance, prep, expo, servers, warewashing, etc. Review your SOP’s and make sure you include all necessary points in the training. Remember, everyone in your facility should be trained in personal hygiene and employee illness. Training can be computer based, group, one on one or a combination. I believe the best training starts with computer-based or group training and then one on one with a qualified team member providing the training. During training, be sure to correct the team member when doing something incorrectly. This can be done gently and politely but now is not the time to worry about hurt feelings.

Monitoring and Verification

Our system would not be complete without making sure that it is working. We do this through monitoring the critical limits established in the food charts and monitoring team members to ensure that all SOP’s are being followed as well. Monitoring is an action, for instance, it could be a visual observation or actually taking a temperature reading of cooked food. Verification occurs when monitoring is documented through charts and logs. The team member performing the task documents the result. Managers must review these logs and documents to ensure the system is working the way it should.

For instance, if a team member had to cook the chicken longer than the procedure states they would document this as a corrective action. Managers then review the corrective action documents and can then investigate why the corrective action had to be taken. Perhaps, they deep fryer is not working correctly, or the team member placed too much chicken at one time in the basket. Management can make corrections by either repairing equipment or retraining the team member.

Revise

When you make menu, equipment or structural changes the entire system needs to be reevaluated. Maryland requires your HACCP be revised every 5 years or when significant changes have taken place.

You think the last place you ate made you sick? Here is what to do.

Posted on November 29, 2018 by admin

Social media can be an excellent source to share information. But when bad information is shared it can unfairly harm a business’s reputation.

I often see posts where someone claims that they became sick or got food poisoning from a restaurant. The problem is most often you did not get sick from the last thing you ate. It just may have been your bodies “tipping point” of when the vomiting and or diarrhea starts.

Take a look at this chart, it lists the top 6 pathogens as identified by the CDC^1.I have included estimated number of cases, transmission, incubation period, duration and symptoms. Although this is just a quick overview of these pathogens it will help you see that each pathogen is different from each other. Remember there are approximately 40 pathogens that can cause illness in humans.

Pathogen	Mean estimated number of cases each year.	How do humans typically get sick.	Onset or incubation period before symptoms appear	Duration of your illness	Symptoms
Norovirus	20 million	Ready to eat foods or by drinking contaminated beverages. Touching a surface and putting your hand in your mouth could also be a source. Only a few cells are necessary to cause illness.	12-48 hours	1-3 days	Diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, stomach pains. Sometimes fever and body aches
Campylobacter	1.3 million	Most illnesses likely occur due to eating raw or undercooked poultry, or to eating something that touched it. Some are due to contaminated water, contact with animals, or drinking raw (unpasteurized) milk. Only a small number of cells is needed to cause illness. A single drop of poultry juice can contain enough cells!	2-5 days	1 week	Diarrhea (often bloody), fever, cramping, nausea, vomiting
Salmonella	1.2 million	Can be found in many foods, including sprouts and other vegetables, eggs, chicken, pork, fruits, and even processed foods, such as nut butters, frozen pot pies, chicken nuggets, and stuffed chicken entrees.	12-72 hours	4-7 days	Diarrhea, fever, cramps
Clostridium Perfringens	1 million	Beef, poultry, gravies, and dried or pre-cooked foods. Especially those left out for too long during cooling.	6-24 hours	24 hours	Diarrhea, cramping, usually there is no fever or vomiting
Shigella	500,000	Found in human feces, so any contact with feces from a person that had shigella can become contaminated very easily, even weeks after they are better. This transmission could happen when changing a sick baby’s diaper, during sex or eating foods that person touched without proper hand-washing. It only takes a small number of cells to cause illness.	1-2 days	5-7 days	Diarrhea, fever, stomach cramping
Staphylococcus Aureus (Staph)	300,000	Ready to eat foods that require refrigeration that have been handled by someone that is a carrier of Staph. 25% of healthy adults are carriers in their nose or infected cuts. Contaminated food is left at unsafe temperatures for too long. Cooking will typically kill the bacteria but sometimes a toxin is formed and those cannot be destroyed.	30 minutes – 6 hours	1 day	Nausea, vomiting, cramps, most have diarrhea but not always.

As you look at the data, you see that the only pathogen that causes illness right after eating is Staph. There are 300,000 estimated cases a year. That is still a large number of people getting sick from improper handling of food, but statistically you are more likely to be ill from another pathogen.

What does this mean?

Do NOT immediately blame the last place you ate and publicly shame them. I am in no way dismissing your illness and how bad you felt. But making false accusations can be very harmful to someone already in a grueling business.

What should you do?

First and foremost, take care of yourself. If you experience symptoms of foodborne illness, such as diarrhea or vomiting, drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.

Then report the illness, doing so helps alert the health department of a possible outbreak.

They will likely do an investigation including asking you what your exact symptoms are and what foods you ate in at least the last 7 days. They may also ask you go to the doctors to be tested. A doctor is the only sure way that your illness can be diagnosed.

If you don’t feel it is necessary to make a report here is the recommendations from the CDC² of when you should seek medical attention:

High fever (temperature over 101.5°F, measured orally)
Blood in stools
Frequent vomiting that prevents keeping liquids down (which can lead to dehydration)
Signs of dehydration, including a marked decrease in urination, a very dry mouth and throat, or feeling dizzy when standing up.
Diarrhea that lasts more than 3 days

But remember, unless you have the illness diagnosed, understand the incubation period, think of what you ate that is typically associated with that illness during that time period and make a report, please do not blame a restaurant for your illness. Remember, the illness could have come from your own home. Be informed. Be smart.

gov/foodborneburden/pdfs/scallan-estimated-illnesses-foodborne-pathogens.pdf
gov/foodsafety/symptoms.html

Time as a control for food safety.

Posted on October 31, 2018 by admin

Do you use time as a control?

Are you wondering what that means?

Here are some examples of when my clients have successfully used time as a control on TCS foods;

Breading mixes that are in almost constant use. You may be breading items like fish or chicken every 15-30 minutes and refrigerating the breading isn’t practical.
Catering or displays of food.
A cold holding station does not maintain 41°F or below during peak times.
Cooked pizza displayed and being sold by the slice but 135°F is not being maintained.

These are just a few times when you may need to use time rather than temperature to control the safety of your food. Remember from the food safety training class you learned that food left in the temperature danger zone (41°F – 135°F) for more than 4 hours is discarded. This is because bacteria can grow to levels that can make the customer sick after this time period.

So, using this principle we can use time as a control, rather than temperature. This is sometimes called “time as a public health control”.

The following information is for Maryland retail food facilities, remember that your county/city may have different regulations and you should always follow those rules. The basic rules that you will need to follow are:

You must obtain written permission from the local health department. This means it MUST be in your HACCP plan as a critical control point for that food product.
You must have verification procedures in place. Either have a log or time stamp the product container with the time it was removed from temperature control and the time it must be discarded.
There needs to be procedures in place to make sure the food is discarded at or before the 4 hours.

As you can see there may be valid times when using time as a control could be very beneficial.

If you have any specific questions about this topic or any other questions about food safety, please contact our office at 410-687-1015 and we will be happy to help.

The code this is based on is listed in COMAR 10.15.03.08 Use of time-only with potentially hazardous foods. The above information is advisory in nature only.

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